Hoover Dam - History and Construction

Dam Type: Arch GravityHeight: 726.4 feet (221.3 m)Length: 1244 feet (379.2 m)Crest Width: 45 feet (13.7 m)Base Width: 660 feet (201.2 m)Volume of Concrete: 3.25 million cubic yards (2.6 million m3) Hoover Dam is a large arch-gravity dam located on the border of the states of Nevada and Arizona on the Colorado River in its Black Canyon. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 and today it provides power for various utilities in Nevada, Arizona, and California. It also provides flood protection for numerous areas downstream and it is a major tourist attraction as it is close to Las Vegas and it forms the popular Lake Mead reservoir. History of Hoover Dam Throughout the late 1800s and into the early 1900s, the American Southwest was rapidly growing and expanding. Since much of the region is arid, new settlements were constantly looking for water and there were various attempts made to control the Colorado River and use it as a freshwater source for municipal uses and irrigation. In addition, flood control on the river was a major issue. As electric power transmission improved, the Colorado River was also looked at as a potential site for hydroelectric power. Finally, in 1922, the Bureau of Reclamation developed a report for the construction of a dam on the lower Colorado River to prevent flooding downstream and provide electricity for growing cities nearby. The report stated that there were federal concerns to building anything on the river because it passes through several states and eventually enters Mexico. To quell these concerns, the seven states within the rivers basin formed the Colorado River Compact to manage its water. The initial study site for the dam was at Boulder Canyon, which was found to be unsuitable because of the presence of a fault. Other sites included in the report were said to be too narrow for camps at the base of the dam and they too were disregarded. Finally, the Bureau of Reclamation studied Black Canyon and found it to be ideal because of its size, as well as its location near Las Vegas and its railroads. Despite the removal of Boulder Canyon from consideration, the final approved project was called the Boulder Canyon Project. Once the Boulder Canyon project was approved, officials decided the dam would be a single arch-gravity dam with the width of 660 ft (200 m) of concrete at the bottom and 45 ft (14 m) at the top. The top would also have a highway connecting Nevada and Arizona. Once the dam type and dimensions were decided, construction bids went out to the public and Six Companies Inc. was the chosen contractor. Construction of Hoover Dam After the dam was authorized, thousands of workers came to southern Nevada to work on the dam. Las Vegas grew considerably and Six Companies Inc. built Boulder City, Nevada to house the workers. Prior to constructing the dam, the Colorado River had to be diverted from Black Canyon. To do this, four tunnels were carved into the canyon walls on both the Arizona and Nevada sides beginning in 1931. Once carved, the tunnels were lined with concrete and in November 1932, the river was diverted into the Arizona tunnels with the Nevada tunnels being saved in case of overflow. Once the Colorado River was diverted, two cofferdams were constructed to prevent flooding in the area where men would be building the dam. Once completed, excavation for the foundation of Hoover Dam and the installation of columns for the arch structure of the dam began. The first concrete for Hoover Dam was then poured on June 6, 1933 in a series of sections so that it would be allowed to dry and cure properly (if it had been poured all at once, heating and cooling during day and night would have caused the concrete to cure unevenly and take 125 years to cool completely). This process took until May 29, 1935, to complete and it used 3.25 million cubic yards (2.48 million m3) of concrete. Hoover Dam was officially dedicated as Boulder Dam on September 30, 1935. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was present and most of the work on the dam (with the exception of the powerhouse) was completed at the time. Congress then renamed the dam Hoover Dam after President Herbert Hoover in 1947. Hoover Dam Today Today, Hoover Dam is used as a means of flood control on the lower Colorado River. Storage and delivery of the rivers waters from Lake Mead is also an integral part of the dams usage in that it provides reliable water for irrigation in both the U.S. and Mexico as well as municipal water uses in areas like Las Vegas, Los Angeles, and Phoenix. In addition, the Hoover Dam provides low-cost hydroelectric power for Nevada, Arizona, and California. The dam generates more than four billion kilowatt-hours of electricity per year and it is one of the largest hydropower facilities in the U.S. Revenue generated from power sold at Hoover Dam also pays for all of its operating and maintenance costs.Hoover Dam is also a major tourist destination as it is located only 30 miles (48 km) from Las Vegas and is along U.S. Highway 93. Since its construction, tourism was taken into consideration at the dam and all visitor facilities were built with the best materials available at the time. However, due to security concerns after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, concerns about vehicle traffic on the dam initiated the Hoover Dam Bypass project completed in 2010. The Bypass consists of a bridge and no through traffic will be allowed across.

The French Revolution And Napoleonic Wars - 2358 Words

The history of Latin American has a bloody past filled with war and hardship. The struggle for independence plays a key role in the history of Latin America and understanding the development that came post-independence. Latin America has struggled with debt and dependence on foreign countries. Events that occur in Latin America are often a result of things happening in the Western Hemisphere. Much of Latin America’s fight for independence was fueled by war. Latin America continued to be greatly affected by events that occurred in the western hemisphere. The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars were major factors in igniting Latin America’s movement for independence. The French Revolution occurred during 1789-1799 in attempt to challenge the monarchial political structure. The French Revolution was fought to pursue Enlightenment ideals to promote popular sovereignty. The ideologies of the French Revolution were used to justify the overtaking of other European kings and the establishment of republics. The military was aggressive in establishing French control in other countries. The French Revolution was eventually led by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. The Napoleonic Wars occurred during 1799-1815 as a result of the French Revolution. England was the leading country against the French expansion. Portugal had been a long-time ally with England. In 1807, Napoleon invaded Lisbon, the capital of Portugal. However a few days prior to the invasion, the English royal navy shipped theShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of the Napoleonic Wars on Industrialization810 Words   |  4 PagesThe Napoleonic wars did have a large impact on industrialization in Britain, the United States and Europe as a result of realizations and actions taken to better their countries after the Napoleonic wars. 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This can be disputed through the events of the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars, the unification struggles of Germany and Italy in the late 1800’s, the Alliance systems of the late 1800’s and the assassination of the Austrian archduke before the outbreak of World War 1. During the French Revolution in 1792, an effort was made to remove Austrian presence from French lands. This cameRead MoreThe French Revolution And Its Effects On The Planet s History1272 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution 1789-1799 is known as a standout amongst the most critical occasions on the planet s history. Its effect barely can be exaggerated because of comprehensively brought about suggestions. Along these lines, it is considered as by and large substantial birth of cultivated standards. Being allocated to discover circumstances and end results of French Revolution, it is very hard to be maximally extensive with answer. Proper breaking down requires a lot of things considering. 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Its causes ranged from the American Revolution, the economic crisis in France, social injustices to the immediate causes like the fall of Bastille, the Convening of he Estate-General, and the Great Fear. As a result of this revolution there many effects , immediate and long term. The immediate effects were the declaration of rights of man, abolishing of olds reign, execution

Cultural And Diversity Competence In Health Care †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Cultural Competence In Health Care. Answer: Introduction Diversity defines how different we all are, we are all different in terms of background, language, religion and in many other ways. Culture plays a vital role in shaping every individuals health-related beliefs, values, and behavior. Our difference makes us unique in one way or another and it is important that we accept each other and appreciate the fact that we are different. Different people have different values and privileges, and before we judge others we need to know that we are also different in many ways, and we have different values and privileges. In the health facility, there are many patients who come for checkups and treatments, and they come from different cultures, and it is the responsibilities of the health officers/ doctors/nurses to make sure that they understand them. We should treat and care for all patients in an understanding and respectable way irrespective of their cultural background. This means that we should try to put ourselves in the position of the pati ents who are not culturally competent and understand their struggles and challenges they are facing especially in the healthcare facility. As health officers, it is vital that we are culturally competent in our expertise to make sure that all patients are cared for despite their difference because at the end of the day we are all human and deserve to be treated right. Being competent culturally requires personal attributes, knowledge, and skills and being intercultural competent can be taught. (Rassool, 2014). There are factors that can interfere with the levels of intercultural competence like the personality factors which include, good sense of self, having ideas and recognition of amenities with beliefs and values of different cultures, display sensitivity in relation to various cultures, being aware of their social norms and communicating in an understandable language to the diverse groups. Cultural and religious practices and beliefs can highly affect an individual health and wellbeing (Kronenfeld, 2016). A patient who for example, is non-English speaker female immigrant who is married and practices a different religion from that of the health officer will need a culturally competent doctor to attend to them. Such patients find a hard time at the health facilities first because of the language barrier, second because of religious beliefs and practices and third because of traditions. The health officer should be competent enough to be able to assist such kind of patient to get the required medication and treatment (O'Toole, 2012). Depending on the patient's background, for example, the above-mentioned patient, her religious beliefs can hinder her from getting treatment if she is health illiterate. Most immigrants especially those who come from the Muslim religion do not understand English, most of them never go to hospitals and they refer hospitals to be for those who are very ill or the rich, and their religion and beliefs somehow hinder them from getting medical attention (Spector, 2000). These immigrants find a hard time at the medical facilities because they are health illiterate and barely know or understand other languages like English for example. The doctors have to be culturally competent to help such kind of patients and this involves awareness and understanding of the Islamic faith and Islamic beliefs (Marsh, 2014). Health practitioners should be conversant with the implication of their spiritual and cultural values for clinic care. The fact that Muslim women are very private and conserved, it is, therefore, the nurses responsibility to be aware of the privacy and modesty, appropriate use of touch, dietary and medication use. Health practitioners need to be well trained and educated to curb these barriers for a better health care for every individual. Health literacy is very important and it is only through communication that information can be well understood (McFarland, In Wehbe-Alamah, 2015). Well trained nursed who are cultural competent have an easy time dealing with diverse patient and they are able to educate them in order to be health literate, for them to understand the importance of treatment and checkups and to help them understand their religion and relations to health care (Srivastava, 2007). By understanding and embracing diversity, it means that we have accepted everyone regardless of where they come from, who they are and we are celebrating each and every one because diversity makes us who we are. A strength-based approach to cultural competency care helps us in embracing diversity because it is the first step to achieving cultural competency (Kronenfeld, 2010). The strength-based approach is a collaboration that involves the patient and the health practitioners, this approach believes in togetherness for a better health outcome. This approach is based on the strength and not weakness; it doesnt mean that strength-based approach doesnt have weaknesses. This approach is important for the purpose of health care because of the increased attention on support directed to individual, management of ones self in chronic illness and prolonged conditions and coordination for a better outcome. There is an increase in concern and pinpointing out strengths and capacities in finding ultimate solutions for the caregivers and the patients. The strength-based approach is a solution based approach focusing on what people want to achieve instead of their reasons for seeking help (Leininger, 2005). The strength-based approach suggests that cultural competence rely on three main concepts, the first is; Cultural awareness: This involves the knowledge of understanding the similarities and differences of cultures, the effect of culture on individual beliefs and practice, and the way in which culture affects organizations. Cultural sensitivity: An individual with a positive attitude about themselves, their culture and willingness to openly talk about their cultural variation can contribute to a deeper appreciation of culture generally. Having knowledge and being comfortable with your cultural identity is a big step to being able to openly understand and learn other peoples culture. Cultural competent behavior: This involves behaving or acting in a manner that clearly shows your level of awareness and sensitivity to the order of other cultures. It is relatively important for the health practitioners to consider cultural needs of their patients when delivering cultural competent to a Muslim, for example. This is because they need to be treated with respect and understanding when supporting their individual need. This can be done by ensuring that a conversation between the caregiver and the patient or the patients family is clearly understood to make sure that their needs are met. It is the caregivers responsibility to talk sensitively with the patient about their needs, for example, a patient may give out their spiritual advisors number, and it is the nurse to come to a mutual consensus with the patient for a positive outcome. The NHMRC Four-Dimensional Model This model defines culture as a combined set of human behavior that includes belief, norms, actions, and custom of a given group. Cultural competence, therefore, involves the skills and knowledge continuously deliver great health care services that inclusively hits the target of both cultural, social, and linguistic need of a patient. This model of cultural competency is viewed from different perspectives ways for example systemic, organizational, professional and individual. The dimensions interrelate in a way that cultural competence both at an individual level and professional level is justified by the organizational and systematic need and capacity (In Purnell, 2013). Systemic- this involves policies and channels that are effective, instruments used to monitor and adequate resources are important in nurturing behaviors and practices in various stages to see if they are competent culturally. These strategies appreciate participation of the different diverse groups in issues involving their wellness and the environment. Organizational - abilities and assets needed by patient difference are all in together. A culture can be established where there is ethnic, racial competence identified as important to main function and repeatedly acknowledged and evaluated. The organization is attached to a chain of different management levels that are both cultural and linguistically different. Professional- this level acknowledges cultural competence as a crucial factor in learning and in professional development. This results in some identified professions relating their cultural competence levels to lead their professions. Individual - behaviors, ideas, and actions that define the competency of culture are adjusted and made to be very efficient by staying in a functional and supportive health facility and broader system. Health profession individuals are encouraged to work with various cultures to create a meaningful and important long-lasting health promotion programs. This model works together in all aspects to help in promoting understandings, coordination and promoting cultural diversity within health facilities for a continuous provision of healthcare to all individuals despite their ethnic, race or cultural background. Culture and diversity of individuals, should not deter them from getting health care services at any health facility (Dreachslin, Gilbert, Malone, 2013). With the embracing of diversity, a lot has changed in the health sector for the benefit of the patient. Representation puts patients at ease Embracing cultural diversity has led to the representation which in turn has put patients at ease. The government has introduced a system in which it doesnt limit individuals from certain ethical, race and cultural background to work at health facilities instead it has opened doors for individuals from all walks of life. This is encouraging and putting the patients at ease because they can relate or identify with health care providers from their own background. Improved patient satisfaction and results Understanding peoples background is very important and not making assumptions is key to understanding the fact that people come from different background and different. A patient will feel more comfortable when their health care provider understand their cultural difference and they are able to explain their test results well and their diagnosis (Storey, Howard, Gillies, 2002).. This will create good communication between the patient and their caregivers. People living in minority areas often have less health care facilities and health care providers who come from minority backgrounds go to work in those diverse areas hence increasing the doctor-patient ratio. Improved health care services Cultural diversity has led to improved health care within the health facilities, the fact that practitioners are aware of the diverse culture of different individuals they are able to communicate and understand each other by placing the patients interest and needs first. Diversity has broadened the mind of the health care providers and they are well knowledgeable on how to handle patients from different ethnic, racial and cultural background by having the basic knowledge of each individual beliefs and practices (Rose, 2013).. This has in turn brought about the good relationship between the patient and the doctor thus improved health literacy among the patients visiting health facilities. A culturally competent individual is someone who understands and acknowledges diversity, this type of a person has some knowledge about different people and different cultures (Tjale, De, 2004). A culturally competent individual knows what to say, how to say and when to say they are cautious in their selection of words and in their way of self-expression. A competent individual knows how to express themselves when communicating to different persons; they understand why everyone is different from the other and respect their place (Tseng, Streltzer, 2008). It is human to treat humanity with kindness, we are all from different walks of life and we are all human and communication is important for human communication. We should free ourselves from assumption because we may end up having a wrong perception about a certain group of people and this may not be true. It is important that we be keen with our words, actions and behaviors towards different people because we all different but sp ecial in our own kind. Conclusion In conclusion, cultural diversity is experienced in different sectors not just the health centers but even in our daily lives. How you treat an individual especially someone from a different ethnic, race or cultural background is very important. Understanding and embracing diversity is a step to closing in the cultural difference among us. Advanced training on cultural diversity has helped a lot of healthcare practitioners in dealing with their day to day patients. Access to primary health care is a right to all citizens and it is the responsibility of healthcare practitioners to make sure that all patients despite their background get equal treatment. The government has put in place policies to curb the issue of cultural diversity within the health sector and that is another big step for accepting diversity. It really doesnt matter where u come from, we should respect others as much as we expect others to respect our cultural background. References Dreachslin, J. L., Gilbert, M. J., Malone, B. 2013.Diversity and cultural competence in health care: A systems approach. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. McFarland, M. R., In Wehbe-Alamah, H. B. 2015.Leininger's culture care diversity and universality: A worldwide nursing theory. Rassool, G. H. 2014.Cultural competence in caring for Muslim patients. In Purnell, L. D. 2013.Transcultural health care: A culturally competent approach. Kronenfeld, J. J. 2016.Special social groups, social factors and disparities in health and health care. Bingley, U.K: Emerald. Kronenfeld, J. J. 2010.The Impact of Demographics on Health and Healthcare: Race, Ethnicity and other Social Factors. Bradford: Emerald Group Pub. Leininger, 2005.Culture Care Diversity Universality: A Theory of Nursing. Jones Bartlett. Marsh, T. 2014.Cultural safety: Everything you need to know. Place of publication not identified: Ashgate. Spector, R. E. 2000.Cultural diversity in health and illness. New York, N.Y: Prentice Hall. O'Toole, G. 2012.Communication: Core interpersonal skills for health professionals. Sydney: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. Rose, P. R. 2013.Cultural competency for the health professional. Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Srivastava, R. 2007.The healthcare professional's guide to clinical cultural competence. Toronto: Mosby Elsevier. Storey, L., Howard, J., Gillies, A. 2002.Competency in healthcare: A practical guide to competency frameworks. Abingdon, U.K: Radcliffe Medical Press. Tjale, A., De, V. L. 2004.Cultural issues in health and health care: A resource book for southern Africa. Cape Town: Juta Academic. Tseng, W.-S., Streltzer, J. 2008.Cultural competence in health care. New York: Springer.

Robert Morris a Founding Father of the United States free essay sample

Robert Morris, Jr. a Founding Father of the United States, was a Liverpool-born American merchant who financed the American Revolution, oversaw the striking of the first coins of the United States, and signed the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the Perpetual Union, and the United States Constitution. Along with Alexander Hamilton and Albert Gallatin, he is widely regarded as one of the founders of the financial system of the United States.Born in Liverpool, Morris migrated to the United States in his teens, quickly becoming a successful businessman. In the aftermath of the French and Indian War (1754-1763), Morris became a prominent opponent of unpopular British policies like the Stamp Act in 1765. He was elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly, became the Chairman of the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, and was chosen as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress. He served as chairman of the Secret Committee of Trade and as a member of the Committee of Correspondence. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Morris a Founding Father of the United States or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though reluctant to break with Britain, he ultimately came to support the independence movement and emerged as an important financier of the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783).From 1781 to 1784, he served as the Superintendent of Finance of the United States, a forerunner to the position of U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. As the central civilian in the government, Morris was, next to General George Washington, the most powerful man in America.[2] His successful administration led to the sobriquet, Financier of the Revolution. At the same time, he was Agent of Marine, a position he took without pay, and from which he controlled the Continental Navy. He successfully proposed numerous policies including the creation of a national bank, but many of his ideas were not enacted. In 1783, Morris oversaw the creation of the first US coins, the Nova Constellatio patterns, which illustrated his plan for a national decimal coinage; although the plan was not adopted, his coins were examined by both Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, influencing both men in their creation of the decimal monetary system that is used by the United States today[3]. In 1787, he was elected as a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention, which created a more powerful federal government.Morris declined Washingtons offer to serve as the nations first Treasury Secretary, instead suggesting that Washington appoint Hamilton to the position. Morris represented Pennsylvania in the Senate from 1789 to 1795, during which time he aligned with the Federalist Party and supported Hamiltons economic policies. Morris invested a considerable portion of his fortune in land shortly before the Panic of 1796–1797, which led to his bankruptcy in 1798, and he spent several years in debtors prison until the United States Congress passed a bankruptcy act to release him. After he left prison in 1801, he lived a quiet, private life in a modest home in Philadelphia until his death in 1806.

Alcohol Abstinence. A persuasive essay about becoming abstinent from alcohol.

Alcohol Abstinence. A persuasive essay about becoming abstinent from alcohol. Ever known someone that was a victim of an alcohol related death or had their lives ruined because of it? Well I have. More than 100,000 US deaths are caused by excessive alcohol drinking each year. Alcohol is a huge fetter to people and I believe that everyone should be abstinent from it. Alcohol is harmful to the body, teens abuse it and drink underage, and it has harmful effects on children.Every year, more money is spent promoting alcohol than any other product. Perhaps through its elaborate and creative marketing, the most basic, yet important fact about alcohol is often overlooked: It is a drug. One concept that many people find difficult to accept is that alcoholism and alcohol problems are a disease. Research has shown that alcohol interacts with the bodys systems in predictable ways to lead to physiological addiction. Alcohol significantly impairs judgment and coordination, it can increase the chance of aggressive acts, it can do permanent damage to vital organs, and it can cause cancer, gastrointestinal irritations such as nausea, diarrhea, and ulcers, malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies, sexual dysfunctions, high blood pressure, lowered resistance to disease, and others.7338 - Moscow - Bolotnaya Proshad - Children are t...Alcohol is the most commonly used drug among young people today. Underage drinking costs the United States more than 58 billion dollars a year. Thats enough to buy every public school student a state of the art computer. Concerning the past 30 days, 50% of high school seniors reported drinking, with 32% report being drunk at least once. About 30% of failures in school are caused by alcohol and 2-3% of teens die from it. Despite the tireless efforts of thousands of advocates, impaired drivers continue to kill someone every 30 minutes, nearly 50 people a day, and almost 18,000 citizens a year.Lots of people think the...

Life Cycle Of A Star Essays

Life Cycle Of A Star Essays Life Cycle Of A Star Essay Life Cycle Of A Star Essay At this point the gas will be hot enough to glow. But since here is still a large amount of dust surrounding the gas there isnt much radii Zion given offing the visible spectrum(light humans can see) Brown Dwarf: A brown dwarf is when a protestor has not been able to reach critical mass, the is means that fusion was never able to begin, these objects range in size from 13 90 times t he mass of Jupiter. Main Sequence: Most stars in the universe for most of their life will fall into the category main sequence. A main sequence star is when a protestor is able to begin nuclear fusion, in the core of these stars hydrogen is fused into helium releasing energy in the process. Main sequence stars vary in size from around 0. 08 the mass of our Sun (this is known as a solar mass) to 1502 00 solar masses In general the bigger a star is the faster it uses Hydrogen and the shorter its life span. Depending on the stars mass it will either follow the path of a red giant or beck mom a red super giant. Red Giant: A star becomes a red giant when it has . 5 5 solar masses. After the star has s pent billions of years fusing hydrogen into helium it become a red giant. Because the helium I s heavier it sinks to the centre of the star leaving a shell of hydrogen. After most of the hydrogen has been used the tar begins to collapse, as the star collapses the temperature and density in t he core increases allowing for the helium to start fusing into carbon and oxygen. The energy give en off by the helium fusion then causes the star to expand to hundreds of times the size of our sun. A star will spend around 100 million years as a red giant. Planetary nebula: After a red giant has finished fusing helium into carbon it ejects the outer lay RSI of itself forming what is know as a planetary nebula. This part of the stars life starts as the as me time it becomes a white dwarf. The newly created white dwarf illuminates the cloud Of gas and d SST Planetary nebulae only last a few tens of thousands of years before the gas and dust ids parsed into space. White dwarf: A white dwarf begins at the same time as a planetary. A white dwarf is the core e of the star that is left after it has finished fusing helium and blown off its outer layers. A white d war is very hot reaching 100,000 Kelvin. The white dwarf will spend the next billion years cool ins down. White dwarfs are also very dense being around 200,000 times as dense as our plane t, they are second only to neutron stars. Red supernatant: Stars that are around 10 solar masses will become a red supernatant. Red super organist are massive, some of them like IVY Janis Majors are roughly 1800 times the size of our sun . Like with a red giant in a supernatant the star begins to collapse and the heat and pressure HTH s creates makes the star start to fuse helium into carbon. Because of their greater mass though the sees stars can have fusion reactions that create elements up to iron. Like main sequence stars the bigger the star the shorter. A supernatant life is around few 100,000 1,000,000 years Us persona: A supernova is the how massive stars end their life, a supernova will very brie fly prod cue more light than the entire galaxy. As the red supernatant was ending its life fusing he aver and heavier elements they built up in bands with the heavier elements at the core, Once t he star passes a certain mass known as the Chandeliers limit the star begins to collapse. The e shock wave caused by the collapsing of the star eventually reaches the core and bounces back. The showplace bouncing back causes the star to explode in a supernova and in the is very brief time all the elements heavier than iron are created. After the supernova almost all of the star has been blown off and what is left is an incredibly dense core. Neutron star: A Neutron Star is the core left over from a supernova, they have a mass Of are undo 1. 4 solar masses and only have a diameter of 20 kilometers.

CELL BIOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

CELL BIOLOGY - Essay Example 4 Shown is a genetic pedigree of a family with several members affected by a heritable disease. Affected individuals are shown in black and healthy individuals are shown in white. Males are shown as boxes and females as circles. 5 Conditional alleles are mutant gene versions that encode proteins that can function normally at the permissive condition but are defective at the restrictive condition; one commonly used condition is temperature. Conditional alleles are especially useful to geneticists because they permit the study of essential genes. At the permissive temperature, the organism lives normally. When the organism is shifted to the non-permissive temperature, the effect of inactivating the gene can be studied. Which of the three types of mutations shown is most likely to lead to a conditional allele? 6 You are studying a diploid yeast strain that normally utilizes glucose as an energy source but can use maltose when no glucose is present. You are interested in understanding how this yeast strain utilizes maltose as an alternative energy source. To begin to understand maltose metabolism, you undertake a genetic screen to isolate genes involved in maltose metabolism by screening for yeast that cannot grow when maltose is the sole energy source. You isolate 6 different mutants, all of which are recessive, and name these alleles mal1, mal2, mal3, mal4, mal5, and mal6. Next, you isolate gametes from the homozygous diploid mutant yeast strains and perform crosses between the different strains to do complementation analysis, because you wish to determine whether the mutations are likely to affect the same or different genes. Your results are shown in the table below: 7 You are trying to map a human gene thought to be involved in cat allergies. Because you know this gene is on chromosome 20, you decide to examine the linkage of several SNPs located on chromosome 20 with respect to the gene involved

Orgnization design class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Orgnization design class - Essay Example The essay proposes a number of ways the organization can use to switch their consumer to the younger generation from the old. Further, it provides the reasons and benefits of shifting their brand position. The world’s statistics support that the young people make up the largest portion of the world’s population. As such for any marketer, in the motorcycle industry, the young people should be key target population. The young population consists a significant portion of the markets. Compared to the older population, there are a number of strategies that the marketers ought to articulate differently to reach out and attract the young population. First, the digital age is a technologically knowledgeable. The information and communications industry are fully appreciated by the young population hence the most effective marketing method. Social media is among the top most effective platform of reaching out to the young persons from the age of 15 to 34. The age group is within the age bracket of potential consumers. As such, the company’s marketing strategy should exploit the social media platforms available such as Facebook, Tweeter, and Myspace. The mobile phone is part of most young people’s lives. It is the easiest way of impressing the young people (Venzke, 29). Another approach is developing models that are appealing that are appealing to the young generation. The company’s current models have majorly attracted old people and mainly men. Therefore, the new brands should have the young males and females in mind. For this to successful, the young generation specialist should be deeply involved in this strategy. Clearly, such are the only person who is aware of what the young people want. They will help deliver what is appealing to the target population. The employees should be the company’s greatest asset. They will help

All I really need to know I Learned in Kindergarten Essay Example for Free

All I really need to know I Learned in Kindergarten Essay I can remember my mother telling me for a few weeks before the first day how wonderful school was going to be and how I would meet loads of new friends. She also told me that the other kids are going to be scared just like I was. Turning five years old, and knowing that it was time for me to begin school already, was really very scary. The thought of waking up early and going to school and not being with my mom all morning made me feel sick to my stomach, but I just had to suck it up and go. The first day of kindergarten I was sad but also excited at the same time because I was going to meet new friends and I was going to get to play with them during recess. I remember walking into school with my new back pack; they were the ones that had to two little wheels on it so you wouldnt have to carry it. As I was getting dropped off and hearing my mom telling me bye I started to cry. Being really close to my mom I didnt want her to leave me there all alone. So we walked in together and she told me that I was going to be all right. My mom and my new teacher, Mrs. Fossum were having a hard time getting me to stay there. After they saw that I wouldnt stay, my mom had to stay there with me thru out that whole day. As the first day went on I was making a bunch of friends with my new classmates. When the second day came I wanted my mom to stay at school but I realized that she had to go to work. After she had left I saw a table that had some crayons and some paper on it, so I ventured over to it and stood by the seat watching to see if anyone was going to stop me from drawing. No one came so I took a seat, a piece of paper, and of course a blue coloring pencil just like the one I had at home and started to draw. When the other children saw that I was already hard at work with my drawing, which somewhat looked like a cow, they came and sat down with me. Even the child that didn’t want to leave his father noticed me and came over and started to draw. The little boy started to ask me questions and once he started then everyone started to include me into their group. I learned at a young age that I was not very comfortable meeting new people and doing thing on my own. My mother realized that Mitchell School system was too big of a school for my type of personality and that I do better when I don’t have to adapt to much change.

Comparing Hills Like White Elephans by Ernest Hemingway and Babylon Rev

Comparing Hills Like White Elephans by Ernest Hemingway and Babylon Revisited by F. Scott Fitzgerald At first glance it seems that the two short stories â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway and â€Å"Babylon Revisited† by F. Scott Fitzgerald have absolutely nothing in common other than being written by two famous American authors in the 1920s. Although there is much contrast between the two works, when examined more closely, similarities seem to be extremely easy to pick out. Similarities are evident in the existence of superficiality and carelessness in the lives and past lives of the main characters in both stories. The two stories are most alike, though, when considering the central conflicts within them. In â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† the central conflict has to do with a couple feeling that the idea of having a baby threatens the very existence and happiness of that relationship, so they contemplate having an abortion. In â€Å"Babylon Revisited† the conflict involves a man’s struggle to be reunited forever with his daughter, who he has been separated from due to mistakes he has made in the past. The relationship between the two conflicts is the how the male characters’ become powerless when attempting to regain happiness in life and how challenging it is for the female characters’ to make a drastic life-changing decision. Arguably the most striking similarity comes The couple in â€Å"Hills Life W... ...fore the end of the story. The central question of whether or not Charlie would be able to take responsibility for Honoria was left unresolved by the end of the story. Works Cited Cassill, R.V.. The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Toronto: George J. Macleod Limited, 1978. Fletcher, Mary Dell. "Hemingway's Hills Like White Elephants." Academic Search Premier Vol. 48 Issue 4. Summer 1980 16-18. 02 APR 2008. Kozikowski, Stanley. "Hemingway's Hills Like White Elephants." Academic Search Premier Vol. 52 Issue 2. Winter 1994 107-112. 02 APR 2008 Turner , Joan. "Fitzgerald's Babylon Revisited." Academic Search Premier Vol. 48 Issue 4. Summer 1990 282-283. 02 APR 2008

Occupy Movement

Currently in the United States and in several countries around the world individuals are speaking out and holding protest for issues important to the people of the world. The issues include jobs, government assistance, foreclosures, freedom of speech, labor, education, and the banking industry. These protests are against the current high unemployment, greed, and corruption, economic inequality, and unjustified influence of financial corporations. It’s called the Occupy movement which is labeled as a protest movement. The current slogan for the Occupy movement is â€Å"We are the 99%†, which represents the difference between the population and the wealthy 1% of the population. On September 17, 2011 the first occupy movement took place In New York City called Occupy Wall Street. Occupy protests have been ongoing since October 9, 2011 in over 600 communities in the United States, 82 countries and over 95 cities across the nation. This is a non-violent movement lead strongly by the people of this nation. I feel as a citizen in the city, state or country you reside in each person should have the right to fight for his or her beliefs affecting him or her directly or indirectly. It seems as though with all the current occupy movements taken place the police presents has been a major problem for the protestors. Instead of protecting and serving they are bullying and beating on protestors. I believe the more people that stand up and join the movement the more powerful the revolution will become. The Occupy movement has gone from the streets into homes. There is a Occupy Homes movement that has begun for people experiencing foreclosures. This has become the most recent of the Occupy movements. I watched a story of a young African American family experience a home foreclosure; they had nowhere to go with 3 children. After consulting with the Occupy homes movement they decided to take shelter in another foreclosed home. It was such an amazing site to see over two hundred eople show up to support the family. Individuals cheered outside of the home with signs and bull horns and help the family occupy the home. We are slowing losing our rights the worse the economy becomes as individuals in this world there is no more important time to go out and be a part of something so special. The Occupy movement reminds me of the Civil rights movement. Individuals in the world have become tired of his or her circumstances and have begun to speak out and get their voices heard. It seems as though everyday there is something occurring in the world that suggests taken our rights away. Currently in congress there is a bill being debated on, that would allow the President to arrest citizens without the right to an attorney if the individual falls under the guidelines of being a terrorist. I believe with the Occupy movement in action and growing each day this is the perfect time for the people of America and other countries to speak out and fight for change. I have begun to participate in the Occupy movement by becoming a part of the website designed for the Occupy movement. I want to help in any way I can and make sure my children have a sound understanding of the current economic situation the world is in. I believe all people should at least look into the current movement and research what it stands for. We as a people have to stick together and fight for the changes we feel are necessary in today’s world. If we don’t I am not sure what the end result will be after our rights get stripped away one by one. I believe the Civil Rights movement was a model for the current Occupy movement taking place. The Occupy movement is peaceful and when you watch the videos or see the clips they show on the news. People are chanting what he or she expects, what he or she want’s and what he or she deserves. Take pride in becoming a part of making history with other individuals in the world. Join the Occupy movement and stand for changes that need to take place in order for the people of this world to live his or her best life. References http://occupywallst.org/ http://www.occupytogether.o

Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 27

There was nothing to indicate the passage of hours inside the windowless vault – not the barest suggestion of sunlight ever made its way under its doors. Days melted into weeks, maybe months. It felt as if an eternity had passed, and yet another stretched out endlessly before us. Lexi and I had stopped talking. Not out of anger or hopelessness, but just because we couldn't anymore. We didn't have enough strength to force ourselves to scream when we heard someone approach, much less get up and fight the stone that kept us buried. There was no more strength to fight the darkness, no strength to stand up. If I'd still required my heart to survive, I'm not sure I'd have had the strength to keep blood pumping through my veins. We lay silently next to each other. If anyone ever found us, a hundred years from then, we would look pathetic, like a sister and brother in some horrible fairy tale trapped in a witch's basement. Each passing second drained me of my Power. My eyes no longer parsed the darkness. The silence was absolute as sounds from the outside world faded into oblivion. All that I had left was my sense of touch – the feel of Lexi's waxy hand, the rough wood of the battered coffin next to me, the cool metal band of my useless ring. I felt almost human again, in the worst possible way. And as my Power retreated painfully, so with it went my immortality. I had never noticed its continual presence until it began to disappear, leaving meat and bone, brain and fluids, and taking away all that was supernatural about me with it. Except for my hunger. My vampire side reacted to starvation. My teeth ached and burned with need so badly that I would have shed tears if I'd had any. Blood weaseled its way into my every thought. I dreamed of how it had beaded up, jewel-like, on Callie's finger when she'd cut herself. How smoky my childhood crush, Clementine Haverford, had tasted going down. How, as my father lay dying on the floor of his study, his blood had spread out around him like greedy, searching fingers, staining everything in sight a dark, delicious red. In the end, everything comes back to blood. Vampires are nothing but hunger personified, designed expressly for the purpose of stealing blood from our victims. Our eyes compel them to trust us, our fangs rip open their veins, and our mouths drain them of their very life source. Blood†¦ Blood†¦ Blood†¦ Blood†¦ The word whispered to me over and over, like a song caught in one's head, filling every crevice of my brain and coating each memory with its tantalizing scent. And then a very familiar voice began to talk to me. â€Å"Hello, Stefan.† â€Å"Katherine?† I croaked, barely able to get the words out. I managed to turn my head just enough to see her sprawled voluptuously on a set of silk pillow cushions. She looked exactly as she had the night of the massacre, before they took her away and killed her. Beautiful and partially undressed, her pouty lips giving me a knowing smile. â€Å"Are you†¦ alive?† â€Å"Shhhh,† she said, leaning over to stroke my cheek. â€Å"You don't look well.† I closed my eyes as her intoxicating scent of lemon and ginger swept over me, so familiar and so real that I swooned. She must have fed recently because the heat from her skin burned in the cold tomb. â€Å"I wish I could help you,† she whispered, her lips close to mine. â€Å"Your. Fault,† I managed to breathe. â€Å"Oh, Stefan,† she scolded. â€Å"You may not have been as willing as your brother, but you didn't precisely object to my†¦ ministrations.† As if to emphasize her words, she leaned over and pressed her soft lips to my cheek. Again†¦ and again†¦ dragging them down my parched neck. Very, very delicately, she teased me, letting the tips of her fangs just puncture my skin. I moaned. My head spun. â€Å"But. You. Burned,† I rasped. â€Å"I saw the church.† â€Å"Do you wish me dead?† she asked, fire in her eyes. â€Å"Do you want me to burn, to collapse to the ground in a pile of ashes, simply because you can't have me all to yourself?† â€Å"No!† I protested, trying to push her off my neck. â€Å"Because you made me a monster†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her laugh was light and melodic, like the wind chimes Mother had hung on the front porch of Veritas. â€Å"Monster? Really, Stefan, one day you will remember what you knew to be true back in New Orleans – that what I have given you is a gift, not a curse.† â€Å"You're as mad†¦ as†¦ Klaus†¦.† She sat back, alarm etching lines around her amber eyes. Her lower lip wobbled. â€Å"How do you know about K – ? â€Å" The crypt doors exploded into a thousand shards of stone and wood, as though shot through with a cannon. I covered my face, the light burning my eyes like acid. When I opened them again, Katherine was gone, and a blurry figure garbed in black wavered in the jagged doorway, haloed by the punishing light. â€Å"Klaus?† Lexi whispered in a terrified voice, clutching my hand. â€Å"Sorry to disappoint,† came a wry voice. â€Å"Damon!† I struggled to sit up. â€Å"Stefan, don't you think it's time you stopped just waiting around for your big brother to come and rescue you?† Without ceremony he reached in, grabbed my wrist, and flung me out of the crypt. I flew into the opposite wall and fell down into a heap on the marble floor. Damon was gentler with Lexi, though not by much. Another weightless corpse, she flopped against me, legs askew. Dust and shrapnel floated around us like fog. I blinked at the nondescript walls, trying to get my bearings. â€Å"Here,† Damon said, holding out a silver flask. â€Å"You're going to need it to escape.† I put my lips against the mouth of the vessel. Blood. Sweet, sweet, blood†¦ A voice in the back of my mind shouted that it was human blood, but I silenced it with a splash of heady liquid. I drank deeply, desperately, groaning when Damon grabbed the flask away from me. â€Å"Save some for the lady,† he said. Lexi drank greedily as well. Blood dripped down her chin and around her lips as she sucked hard and silently. Her skin, which had been drawn, pale and wrinkled as an old woman's, filled out and became pink and puffy. â€Å"Thanks, sailor,† she breathed. â€Å"I needed that.† Like a lamp filling a cellar with heat and light, I felt my own Power radiate through my limbs, returning my senses to what they were, imbuing my body with strength that I hadn't experienced since before I started eating only animals. As my vision cleared, I gasped. Behind Damon, a black-haired woman stood with one hand to her temple, the other gripped into a fist at her side. Her eyes were closed and her body shook with the slightest of tremors. It looked like she was in deep pain, being held in place while unknown tortures were applied to her mind and body. Margaret. And she wasn't alone. There was a prone figure in front of her, writhing in pain, and I realized with a jolt that Margaret wasn't being tortured – she was the one inflicting pain in another. In Lucius. In the super-vampire, so Powerful, yet still only a foot soldier of Klaus, the demon directly descended from hell. Lucius had murdered an entire family, captured me with ease, and caught Lexi like a troublesome mouse. The monster had his head in his hands and was screaming, terrible screams that seemed to send reverberations through the very chapel. â€Å"Is that Margaret?† I asked, dumbfounded. Damon pulled me up, propelled me toward the door. â€Å"We can't leave her!† â€Å"She'll be fine!† â€Å"But – â€Å" â€Å"Questions later. Running now.† And so, with one last look at the woman who had brought Hell itself to its knees, I ran away from the site of my imprisonment and out into moonlight.

Arthur Anderson LLP

Arthur Anderson LLP Business Model Many conscientious and assiduous business professionals presuppose that success is determined principally by their capacity to offer products and services, meet customer demands and requirements, and run their operations using effective and efficient techniques.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Arthur Anderson LLP specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, in today’s dynamic, networked, and ever changing business environment, the business model has become a central tool of trade since it is inseparable from the product, process and operational approaches of a business enterprise in shaping how success is realized (Chesbrough, 2006, p. 18). More often than not, the difference between success and failure is thinly veiled in the type of business model adopted by an organization. Before its uneventful entry into questionable deals and fraud charges, Arthur Anderson LLP’s business mod el revolved around the concept of ‘thinking straight and talking straight,’ as proposed by its founder, Arthur Andersen (Smith Quirk, 2004, p.93). According to the case, the organization’s business model was founded on three fundamental tenets – honest accounting, elimination of conflicts of interests, and accountability to the investing shareholders rather than the organizations they audit. This rational plan helped the public auditing firm to generate and capture value in terms of increased revenue and clients during its heydays. Strategy A good business model can be enhanced by the right mix of business strategies. A strategy goes beyond a business model to secure an organization’s competitive advantage in the market, hence success (Chesbrough, 2006, p.26).Anderson’s business model had dictated the â€Å"standards for honest and law abiding accounting,† (Smith Quirk, 2004, p. 93).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This had enabled the firm to gain confidence and trust from the public to a point where it adopted the strategy of diversifying its products through market segmentation by coming up with a management consulting arm of the firm. The organization also utilized an expansionist strategy to keep up with industry trends and beat stiff competition from other firms offering the same products such as Delloitte and KPMG (Squires et al, 2003, p. 43). The strategy of segmenting products worked against the firm, and indeed against the founder’s strategy of a ‘one-firm’ philosophy, after the consulting arm of the organization disembarked from the parent company to form Accenture. Team building, morale raising and yearly training programs forms a cluster of other strategies practiced by Anderson’s to sharpen its focus in the market (Smith Quirk, 2004, p. 93). Strategic Dilemma An organization’s strategic plan is as important as its business model, and is fundamentally important for the organization’s success. The use of ineffective or fraudulent strategies heralds an era of difficulties and legal tussles as it can be witnessed through Anderson’s case. In business terms, the firm’s descent from conscience-oriented and honest accounting maestro to a disgraced organization accused of obstructing justice is not an issue that happened overnight (Squires et al, 2003, p. 67). Rather, it originated from a succession of management misrepresentations and compromises on genuine accounting principles over the decades to limit the stream of professional fees charged on Enron for services rendered from drying up.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Arthur Anderson LLP specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The demand for the auditing partners to boost pro fits became intense after the organization expanded from a closely aggregated partnership of professionals sharing the same values to a global behemoth (Squires et al, 2003, p. 27). The management of the audit firm responded by forcing accounting partners to turn into salesmen, inarguably upsetting the fragile balance between safeguarding the interests of the public investors and satisfying the needs of a client, in this case Enron’s fraudulent needs. Ethically, the firm’s profits over professional services strategy matured into a rather insurmountable situation, where the management was caught in between a rock and a hard place. By turning a blind eye to the happenings at Enron, the auditing firm had committed it self to an ethical dilemma between what its values, business model, and strategies stood for on the one hand and what they were actually doing in practice on the other. The firm was supposed to be guided by a policy of openness and conformity to set rules and guidelines yet it was busy concealing vital information by shredding and deleting important files (Smith Quirk, 2004, p. 103). Also, on numerous occasions, the firm had breached fundamental ethical issues concerning conflicts of interests. The Pros and Cons of the Entire Debacle The failure by Andersen to draw a line between safeguarding the interests of the shareholders and gratifying the whims of its clients marked the departure point for the firm’s legal woes. In taking this line of thinking, the management must have been guided by the desire to generate more profits and kickbacks rather than the aspiration to offer quality auditing services. Consequently, profit was advanced over reputation. In this respect, Andersen stood to gain more profits by turning a blind eye on the fraudulent and corrupt nature of financial transactions and underhand dealings committed at Enron.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the firm did not imagine the nature and magnitude of its shady dealings with the energy giant. Its reputation as a credible public auditing firm was at stake, and so was its survival as auditing firms thrives on their ability to gain and maintain public trust and confidence. The firm could not escape the public wrath either due to the fact that it was principally charged with the responsibility of detecting fraud by virtue of being Enron’s auditors for over 16 years (Smith Quirk, 2004, p. 101). The Consequences Andersen suffered irreversible consequences due to its underhand dealings with Enron. The public confidence and trust that the firm enjoyed over the decades was completely swept away within days after the shocking revelations judging by the way its shares price plummeted in just a matter of days. After the deception allegations were made public, the organization suffered yet again through the loss of major clients and key members of staff who felt that the cr edibility of the organization had been compromised by corrupt senior managers. Their insatiable appetite of profit over reputation heralded a major accounting scandal. Due to its unprofessional accounting practices despite being in the know, the firm was found guilty of obstructing justice by a Houston federal court, effectively sounding the death knell of one of most prominent public accounting firms the world has ever witnessed (Smith Quirk, 2004). Indeed, the account of the eventful birth and sad demise of the organization is loaded with critical lessons for managers and auditors – that the policy of openness and equal application of professional standards is the only way to go (Squires et al, 2003, p. 56). Reference List Chesbrough, H. (2006). Open Business Models: How to thrive in the new innovative  landscape. Harvard Business Press. ISBN: 1422104273 Smith, N.C., Quirk, M. (2009). From grace to disgrace: The rise and of Arthur Andersen. Journal of Business Ethics Ed ucation, Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 91-130 Squires, S.E., Smith, C.J., McDougall, L., Yeack, W.R. (2003). Inside Arthur Andersen:  Shifting values, unexpected consequences. FT Press. ISBN: 0131408968

Wormholes and Space Travel

Wormholes and Space Travel Space travel through wormholes sounds like quite an interesting idea. Who wouldnt like to have the technology to hop in a ship, find the nearest wormhole and travel to distant places in a short time? It would make space travel so easy!   Of course, the idea pops up in science-fiction movies and books all the time. These tunnels in space-time supposedly allow characters to move through space and time in a heartbeat, and the characters dont have to worry about physics. Are wormholes real?   Or are they only literary devices to keep science-fiction plots moving along. If they do exist, whats the scientific explanation behind them? The answer could be a little of each. However, they are a direct consequence of general relativity, the theory first developed by Albert Einstein early in the 20th century. However, that doesnt necessarily mean that they exist or that people can travel through them in spaceships. To understand why theyre even an idea for space travel, its important to know a little about the science that might explain them. What are Wormholes? A wormhole is supposed to be a way to transit through space-time that connects two distant points in space. Some examples from popular fiction and movies include the movie Interstellar, where the characters used wormholes as portals to distant parts of the galaxy. However, there is no observational evidence that they exist and theres no empirical proof that they arent out there somewhere.   The trick is to find them and then figure out how they work.   One way for a stable wormhole to exist is for it to be created and supported by some kind of exotic material. Easily said, but whats exotic material? What special property does it need to have to make wormholes? Theoretically speaking, such wormhole stuff   has to have negative mass. Thats just what it sounds like: matter that has a negative value, rather than regular matter, which has a positive value. Its also something scientists have never seen. Now, it is possible for wormholes to spontaneously pop into existence using this exotic matter. But, theres another problem. There would be nothing to support them, so they would instantaneously collapse back in on themselves. Not so great for any ship that happens to be passing through at the time.   Black Holes and Wormholes So, if spontaneous wormholes arent workable, is there another way to create them? Theoretically yes, and we have black holes to thank for that. They are involved in a phenomenon known as an Einstein-Rosen bridge. Its essentially a wormhole created due to the immense warping of space-time by the effects of a black hole. Specifically, it has to be a Schwarzschild black hole, one that has a static (unchanging) amount of mass, doesnt rotate, and has no electrical charge. So, how would that work? Essentially as light falls into the black hole, it would pass through a wormhole and escape out the other side, through an object known as a white hole. A white hole is similar to a black hole but instead of sucking material in, it repels material away. Light would be accelerated away from a white holes   exit portal at, well, the  speed of light, making it a bright object, hence the term white hole.   Of course, reality bites here: it would be impractical to even attempt to pass through the wormhole to begin with. Thats because the passage would require falling into a black hole, which is a remarkably lethal experience. Anything passing the event horizon would be stretched and crushed, which includes living beings. To put it simply, there is no way to survive such a trip. The Kerr Singularity and Traversable Wormholes There is yet another situation in which a wormhole might arise, from something called a Kerr black hole. It would look quite different than a normal point singularity that is what astronomers think make up black holes. A Kerr black hole would orient itself in a ring formation, effectively balancing the immense gravitational force with the rotational inertia of the singularity. Since the black hole is empty in the middle it could be possible to pass through that point. The warping of space-time in the middle of the ring could act as a wormhole, allowing travelers to pass through to another point in space. Perhaps on the far side of the universe, or in a different universe all together. Kerr singularities have a distinct advantage over other proposed wormholes as they dont require the existence and use of exotic negative mass in order to keep them stable. However, they havent yet been observed, only theorized.   Could We Someday Use Wormholes? Putting aside the technical aspects of wormhole mechanics, there are also some hard physical truths about these objects. Even if they do exist, it is difficult to say if people could ever learn to manipulate them. Plus, humanity really doesnt even have starships yet, so figuring out ways to use wormholes to travel is really putting the cart before the horse.   There is also the obvious question of safety. At this point,  no one knows exactly what to expect inside a wormhole. Nor do we know exactly WHERE a wormhole could send a ship. It could be in our own galaxy, or perhaps somewhere else in the very distant universe. Also, heres something to chew on.   If a wormhole took a ship from our galaxy to another one billions of light-years away, theres a whole question of time to consider. Does the wormhole transport instantaneously? If so, WHEN do we arrive in the distant shore? Does the trip ignore the expansion of space-time?   So while it may certainly be possible for wormholes to exist and function as portals across the universe, it is considerably less likely that people will ever be able to find a way to use them. The physics just dont work out. Yet.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen

Tillies - Marketing Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tillies - Marketing Plan - Term Paper Example p to clients to all beach events including beach parties and theme nights Establish presence on social media including Twitter and Facebook Establish an employee training program by arranging workshops with foreign trainers Implement an electronic customer feedback system Establish employee rewards and discount program after one year of service Purpose Tillie’s Day Spa seeks to offer a wide-range of tailor-made spa services by foreign qualified and certified professionals for all generations, primarily those between 25-45 years of age. Marketing efforts shall be aimed at providing a glamorous decor with special lighting, textiles and music in the spa tents/rooms along with aroma therapies with scented, exotic candles and 100% natural lotions and oils. Picture Tillie’s Day Spa will attract its clients through social media, hotel referrals as well as wedding planners to try its services. Upon reaching the venue the customer is welcomed by female dancers from around the wo rld with specific days allocated to each type of dance. For instance, African dance will be held on Mondays whereas, belly dancing on Saturdays. The customer chooses with room to enjoy the spa services in, depending on his/her preferences and mood. Upon leaving with a look as fresh as a flower the customer returns and brings along her co-workers and neighbors for company as well as earning the reward points that will be added to her loyalty card upon the number of referrals she makes. This way the customer base expands as the elites and executive women continue to pour in to enjoy this high-end, sophisticated ambience. Staff shall greet these women with smiling faces and a glass of their favorite cocktail drink and escort them to their rooms. Special attention shall be paid to cleanliness. However, the staff shall not be dressed in uniform but as per the respective themes that will vary on a daily basis. These themes include African, American, Thai, Arabian and various others. Gap D ashboard The Gap Dashboard shall be used to address primary goals that will form the basis of marketing, tactical, strategic and personal decisions. Some tactical goals, however, shall not be tracked via this dashboard but through the Milestones chart. Key marketing metrics shall be accounted for by the Gap Dashboard every 3 months during the first year and bi-annually thereafter. Hence, actual results shall be compared against these goals to observe any variances. Marketing goals primarily include revenue and sales maximization of Tillie’s Day Spa along with the attainment of high customer return rate in a period of 3 years. The strategic goal of becoming a top quality day spa in Virginia shall be measured by attestation of ASQ Certification. Personal goals shall pertain to the increased involvement of the CEO in marketing activities, most importantly establishing PR with hotels and high-end restaurants. The following tactical goals shall be measured quantitatively: Ideal Cu stomer Day Spas usually have a

Self-discovery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Self-discovery - Essay Example Some of the things that I have discovered with regard to synthesis include facts such as one of the main advantages of the aforementioned synthesis is the achievement of a neutral clarity that is guided by the connection of different perceptions whose missing pieces in a sense can be said to come together. The combination of these two accomplishments allows one to have a better understanding of their self in general. The discoveries that are learnt from each inventory allows the individual to dive deeper into their frame of thought and catch a glimpse of a part of them that may have not been visible to them at the beginning. As mentioned earlier, these inventories help an individual make a number of discoveries about their self that they can in turn use towards their benefit through proper planning and focus. These discoveries can play a large role in my life and as such have not been taken lightly but have instead been used to mold my activities to that which properly suit my intere sts and ambitions. The MBTI provided an opportunity to discover information about my character as well as any peculiar features that may arise. This assessment revealed that I can be described as an individual who is equipped with open thinking and intuition. I feel that these assessments are accurate to a general extent as a result of my nature to try and maintain a fair level of acceptance with other individuals no matter their different backgrounds as long as they do not infringe on mine or other people’s personal space with regard to their rights.

Discuss how the American criminal justice system has impacted the Essay

Discuss how the American criminal justice system has impacted the Black community, 1880-2011 - Essay Example One can find extensive research material on African American criminal justice system. There is a great inequality visible in the criminal justice system of America. It has been pointed out by Pastore and Maguire (2000) that African Americans comprise of only 12 percent of U.S total population but they make 29.7 of all arrests. Since beginning of the court system in America, black people have been given fewer privileges and rights. Dred Scott decision considered the black slaves as property of their masters who purchased and brought them to America. According to one report of Justice Department, quoted by Free (2003), illustrates that number of African American youth is six times more than that of white people found in jails. These black criminals often get harsher punishments than White criminals. These disparities are crystal clear when comparison is made between non-Hispanic African American females and non-Hispanic White criminal females arrested by authorities (Beck & Karberg, 20 01). With passage of time, the condition of these detained African American criminals has worsened . It has been found that when cases of these people are brought into courts they mostly take more time than the cases related to white criminals.

High Housing Prices in Shanghai Essay Example for Free

High Housing Prices in Shanghai Essay The topic of my presentation is making analysis into three parts—current situation, cause and solution. The first part—current situation. Now, many experts still believe that housing prices continue to rise; just because of limited land. The range of rise in housing price exceeds the range of rise in resident income. It makes lots of low and middle-income people worried about their own houses. Housing revenue rate is increasing, so real estate plays an important role in the economy of Shanghai. The first cause isThe economy of Shanghai continuously rise and it makes real estate market prosperity and development. From this chart, we can find a trend—GDP in Shanghai increased every year. People have more and more money to invest. In addition, Chinese have a traditional view that buying houses is the best way to keeping value. The second point is huge profits. Along with the change of industrial structure, many people find real estate industry has huge profits in China. In China, its average profit rate is 69% and gross margin is as high as 55%. Huge profits attracted more businessmen and speculators. The third point isBanks have launched mortgage. Mortgage has brought a great hope to someone who can’t afford to buy a house. This table shows housing loans occupy very large proportion of personal consumption. And in 2004, the upward trend appeared, at the same time, Shanghai housing loans reached 244 billion Yuan. The forth point isPopulation movements. It is a common sense that Shanghai is an international city, citizens come from different places. The picture below tells us a mode of population movements. Demands are more than supplies which means population is becoming bigger and land is becoming limited. That’s why Shanghai housing prices will continue to rise. Next, The first solution is Low-rent Houses. The government should increase investment to support poor people. The low-rent housing can meet basic requirements for them. This method will solve the social problem due to high housing prices and enable social stability. The second solution is Strengthening supervision. Each functional department should crack down on illegal real estate developers and illegal development behaviors. Actually, the government should restrain overheat and high housing prices. The third solution is Revising and improving relevant laws and regulations. Laws and regulations will standardize the real estate industry and its market to eliminate the cause of huge profits. And it will also standardize housing prices and taxes. In this way, many illegal businessmen and speculators will be sued reasonably. The forth solution is Correct media publicity. Making correct investment guide for consumers to avoid invest huge money on real estate blindly. Absolutely, it is a best way to sound an alarm bell for illegal businessmen and speculators to make them awake. Finally, I will summary my essay. Real estate is the first-class important event in the common people life. High housing prices problem must be solved as soon as possible.

Hamlet Essay -- essays research papers

Perhaps the most famous soliloquy in literature, these words reflect the state of desperation in which Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark, finds himself as he contemplates suicide. His father, the King, has died. His mother, the Queen, has remarried within a month of the King's passing, an act which has disturbed young Hamlet in and of it. To make it worse, she has married the King's brother, Hamlet's uncle, who is now the King of Denmark. As Hamlet's despair deepens, he learns through the appearance of an apparition of his dead father; that the old King was murdered by the new King. Hamlet's growing awareness of the betrayal of his mother and evil of Claudius leads to a deepening depression and madness. This soliloquy contains the famous words "Thus conscience does make cowards of us all", hinting that the "dread of something after death"-purgatory, hell, perhaps-is what keeps Hamlet alive to avenge his father. Many people incorrectly interpret those famous words of Hamlet's, not knowing the true meaning or background behind his speech. In his soliloquy, Hamlet contemplates whether or not he should take it upon himself to act accordingly to his uncle's/step-father's crime against his own father. However, later on in the play, Hamlet realizes Fortinbras' resolve and his quest for victory. By witnessing Fortinbras and his actions, Hamlet comes to realize that he has no inner struggle and sees the actions that he must take in order to bring inner peace to him and avenge his father's murder. He is grappling with the difficulty of taking action against Claudius and the fact that he has not been able to revenge his father's murder yet. Hamlet's introspective commentary is interrupted when he sees Ophelia. In his most famous soliloquy, Hamlet ponders whether he should take action against his "sea of troubles" and seek revenge for his father's death or live with the pain of his father's murder. Hamlet's weakness is later illustrated when he passes up the opportunity to kill Claudius by rationalizing that he has made peace with God, therefore sending him to Heaven if he were to be slain. In addition to his proposal of vengeance, he also contemplates whether it is better to stay alive or commit suicide. If he were to sleep, he feels that all his troubles would vanish, and this would not be such a bad thing. However, he says that if he were ... ...very attractive because it would stop all the troubles that one has to put up with in human life. He acknowledges that he doesn't know what that would involve on the fundamental level, continuing on from what he has already said, explain that because he doesn't know what the lot of his soul may be after death, he is unwilling, even afraid, to take his own life. He dreads what comes "after death", probably especially because he could be damned for committing the sin of suicide, in which case his existence after death would indeed be very bad; and he points out that if he doesn't like it after death he can't come back to human life. But, of course, one can be fearful without being a coward; and we see from events in the play that he isn't really a coward. He faces the ghost bravely, faces his killing of Polonius bravely, faces Claudius the powerful reigning king bravely, faces the pirates bravely, and faces death bravely. This whole speech is just thinking, at one moment in his life. William Shakespeare. Hamlet. Trans. Robert Fagles. The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Expanded Edition in One Volume. Gen. Ed. Maynard Mack. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997.

Psychological Factors of the Issue Essay

Psychological factors include motivation, perception, learning, beliefs and attitudes. These factors are largely unconscious and that a person cannot fully understand his own motivations. People decide based on what h perceives as dictated by his environment that serves as the stimulus and not necessarily that which is real. In marketing, perceptions are more important than reality. Characteristics of Adolescence Adolescence is often a period of stress and conflict, particularly in Western society. The adolescent confronts a host of new, varied and difficult problems of adjustment within a brief period of time. The adolescent attempts to acquire a sense of identity, a sense of who one is and where one is going. Every adolescent wants to be popular. They commonly think, †What can I do to have all the kids at school like me? † â€Å"What can I do to feel I belong to a group? † â€Å"How can I be popular with both girls and boys? † â€Å"What kinds of clothes will make me feel like I am one of them? † Sometimes adolescents go to great lengths to be popular. In some cases, parents go to even greater lengths to try to insulate their adolescents from the rejection and to increase the likelihood that they will be popular. Students show off because it gets attention and makes their peers laugh. Parents set up elaborate parties, buy clothes for their teens and drive adolescents and their friends all over in the hope that their sons and daughters will be popular (Santrock, John). Dr. Riesman in his study of the basic changes taking place in the American characters during the twentieth century (that is, from inner-directed to outer-directed) found that our growing pre-occupation with acts of consumption reflects the change. This pre-occupation, he noted, was particularly intense (and intensively encouraged by product makers). He characterized the children of America as ‘consumer trainees. ’ (Santrock, John). The adolescent confronts a host of new, varied and difficult problems of adjustment within a brief period of time. Physiological changes – rapid body growth, sexual maturity, increases in sex hormones–often precipitate special conflicts and self-doubts. Almost simultaneously, the adolescent is expected to achieve independence from the family, establish satisfying relationships with peers of both sexes, decide on – and prepare for – a set of consistent moral principles to guide decisions and actions. Fashion, therefore, lures the adolescents to try something new and not get stuck with the traditional ways of dressing and doing things. Back then in the 60s, the clothes that the â€Å"old school† hip hop artists donned were expressions of individuality but they even carried a purpose which was a functional one. The Puma branded sneakers that sported fat-laces and sweatsuits were all the rave back then. The colorful clothing which also had resemblance to the beautiful graffitis on the walls were also very popular back then. The dress-code of being loose and comfortable became a style of dressing which identified all those people as exceptional and unpretentious. Because the people in the ghettos had limited resources, they made the most out of what they had. The style and the fashion sense that they sported spoke of a willingness to create a style of their own despite several constraints (Wikipedia 2004). In the hip-hop culture today, fashion has undoubtedly become more stylish, more pronounced and more accessible in this day and age. It has indeed come a long way in the past twenty or so years. Ever since its inception, it has been proven to be a driving force in the fashion scene. From its modest beginnings in the â€Å"ghettos† of the African-American suburbs of New York, the hip hop fashion has transcended race, culture, gender as well as international borders as you will now see different ethnicities and races who have adopted their own hip hop style. The one thing that will immediately identify a person if he listens to hip hop or not is by the way they dress and what they put on themselves. Today, the hip hop clothing and apparel industry grosses over a billion dollars but despite its popularity among people who have the money to spend for the type of look they are sporting, it is still accessible by even the youngest boy in hopes of making it big in the future as an advocate of the hip hop music and fashion (Wikipedia 2004)

Copyright and whether it has been infringed?

In order to be able to settle the question whether or not there has been copyright infringement, the two underlying principles to guide us is the applicable law and infringement. The submissions by both parties to the dispute were drawn from the federal laws and a clear jurisdiction is provided for under the 1976 Copyright Act. Further, the submissions by the parties were clearly on cases that are from the federal courts and hence jurisdiction is not a debatable issue. The other issue is on the question of infringement.As previously indicated, the infringement arises when the copyright registered is used by somebody else who purports to be the owner of that work. In this issue, the plaintiff did not have his work registered, however, it is not a disputed fact that the works belonged to the plaintiff and therefore not an issue. The question that suffices in this case is the similarity of expression. The intention of the Copyright act is to protect the author’s expression of ide a and not the idea itself.In the present case the plaintiff had brought to the defendant the work which the defendant was to look into and decide whether it was a good idea or not, however, the defendant went on to pass the works to another third party who turned to be his agent to confirm the work and instead stole his ideas and a document was produced to that effect. The intention of the doctrine is to protect the authors’ expression. In order to settle this question the court looks at the nature of expression is it expressed in myriad ways or in narrow ways?In the above case, the expression is expressed in narrow form and therefore there is similarity of expression from the document which was produced by the third party, who was in concert with the defendant herein, it is therefore correct to submit that there was infringement by the defendant. Whether or not there is an implied contract of fact? The issue of whether or not that there existed a contract is one which cannot go ignored. The rule of thumb is that all contracts must be in writing. However, the case before us is that, there is no written contract between the parties and therefore the issue of implied contract of fact arises.Whether or not there is an implied contract of fact, the test will be applied to the intentions and conduct of the parties. A contract implied in fact will construct the whole agreement, further it is a contract that is created when a party tacitly accepts benefit at a time it was able to reject it. In the present case, it is the finding of the court and fact that the plaintiff had given the defendant manuscript and that they would use it for the purpose which was intended and should they do otherwise then the plaintiff should have go consideration.In arriving to this conclusion the court looks at the intention and the conduct of both parties at the time of making of the contact. It is clear from the conduct of the defendant especially from the second request for the m anuscript that there was intention to create an implied contract of fact. For the court to arrive at the conclusion that indeed the defendant was in breach is in order and therefore the plaintiff should be awarded the remedies that follow suit as a result of the defendant breaching the contract.Under the California laws which the plaintiff had pleaded under, the courts can enforce for remedies. Whether or not the affecting issues will affect the judgment of the court? There are other issues that directly and indirectly affect the outcome of the case this include; †¢ Exclusion of hearsay Evidence †¢ Denial of Motion to amend †¢ Finding of fact †¢ Statute limitations †¢ Attorneys fees It is trite law that the hearsay evidence will not be admitted on record save that it meets the exception rule. The issue in this case is whether or not in the trial courts’ finding the exclusion was in order.In the circumstances, the exclusion was in order since the evide nce which the parties had purported to bring before the court was adduced by a third party and clearly could not and hearsay hence did not fall within the exception rules. Motion to amend can be given if certain legal principles and threshold are met with the party seeking to rely on it. The underlying guideline is that, the Motion to amend can be given and if it does not seek to prejudice the other party. In the foregoing circumstance, a motion to amend was brought 19 months from the time the matter was filed in court and viewed with suspicion.The only conclusion that was arrived by the courts is that it was brought with the aim of forestalling the wheels of justice and it was proper for the court to deny the same. The burden of proof shifts to the person who alleges, in the foregoing circumstances if the plaintiff made allegations and did support using evidence which they did, then it can be held as the true fact. In presenting their evidence, the plaintiff did support his evidenc e and was not shaken by the defense and therefore the court is correct to find their position as the truth. The issue of limitations goes to back when the cause of action arose.It is the defendants’ submission that it is time barred under the California laws. The courts are guided from when the action arose in this case after the defendant failed to make good the payment and which was within time when the defendant was filling this suit which is now a condition precedent. The general principle is that the losing party should pay the costs. In this case, the defendant lost the case and further, it is our submission that the case was brought under the federal laws copyright Act of 1976 that the party guilty should pay the advocates costs.In conclusion, therefore it is my humble submission that the plaintiff has fulfilled the required threshold on matter of balance of probability and hence attained the chance of success. Works cited Lessick, Susan,† Copyright ownershipâ₠¬  UC Copyright. Feb 27, 2003 Nov 22, 2008 â€Å"Implied-in-fact Contract†, Business Dictionary, Ed 2007-2008 Massey, Calvin R,† The California State Constitution A reference guide† published 1879

English-language films Essay Example

English English-language films Essay English-language films Essay Love is a fallacy tells us about the not-so-brilliant idea of a self-conceited law student named Debbie to steal the girlfriend of his stupid roommate Petty by luring him to accept the raccoon coat which all he ever wanted in exchange of dating and marrying his beautiful dumb girlfriend, Poly. He believes that he would become a lawyer someday and observes that successful lawyers are decorated with beautiful, graceful and smart wives. He believes that under his audience he could smarten up Poly and will soon match his criteria. His overconfidence that he could change Poly to become an intelligent girl by teaching her the logic of fallacies backfired to him when he confessed his love for her. Unfortunately, Poly rejected his intentions to be his girlfriend by refuting his words with every fallacy that he taught her. In the end, Poly chose Petty because he has a raccoon coat. Love is a fallacy is indeed a hilarious and ironic story. It is a story about love which is written in such a ay that it stirs our reasoning and tickles our heart. I would like to commend the author for his admirable writing style making the story more realistic and dramatic even if he uses figures of speech and terms on logic and philosophy. It didnt focus on the romantic side of love rather it highlights the meaning of love based on each of the characters intention. It simply teaches us that deception begets deception and not love. The story is an affirmation that each one of us can do anything for love in our own silly ways. Sometimes, our wan misconceptions about love can lead us to carry out selfish plans for personal gains but will definitely boomerang to us in more hurtful and unexpected ways. People often tend to misinterpret, immiscible, misconstrue and even delusional about love because just like the title itself love is a fallacy, love cannot be explained by reasoning per SE because it is the purest of all emotions. The story as a whole didnt romanticizes about love rather it gave us a glimpse of the consequences of our actions based on how we deal with love.

Forensic sciences Essay Example

Forensic sciences Essay Example Forensic sciences Essay Forensic sciences Essay Essay Topic: Confessions Name: Instructor: Course: Date: : How the portrayal of forensic science in media (CSI, for example) has influenced the court system Forensic sciences Forensic science refers to the usage of a broad range of sciences to give answers to questions of concern in legal systems and scientific studies. The term forensics and forensic science are used interchangeably to mean the scientific investigation that serves to give evidence to a question from the courts. The science involves the application of biology, physics, chemistry and other branches to come up with unique evidence that eliminates other possibilities and explicitly identifies an individual. The use of forensic science knowledge has been exploited by three main bodies: law enforcement agencies, the media and perpetrators of criminal activities. In criminal history, it proved difficult to prove that suspected criminals were guilty beyond doubt. Court proceedings depended on the confessions that were sometimes coerced and corrupted as well as testimonies from witnesses. Elements of forensics began developing in Ancient China where the Song Dynasty solved many crimes using answers that were biological in nature. Modern forensics developed around the 16th century in Europe where French and Italian army doctors came up with various categories of how soldiers died for instance strangulation, drowning and poisoning. These developments were recorded in documents such as A Treatise on Forensic Medicine and Public Health and The Complete System of Police Medicine (Ramsland 27). Toward the end of the 19th century, forensics began developing more and even subdivided into more branches that specialized on specific aspects of forensics. Some of the major areas in forensic science include criminalistics, digital forensics, forensic anthropology, forensic DNA analysis and mobile device forensics among other subfields. These subdivisions and manifestations of forensic science have greatly improved the quality and efficiency of the legal system since it is now easier to prove that an individual is innocent or guilty of a crime. Scholars who have been influential in the development of forensic science over the years include Alphonse Bertillon, Alexandre Lacassagne and Wilton M. Krogman. The reasons behind looking to science to aid in improving the quality of services of the legal system revolve around changes in crime and law enforcement techniques. First, there are increasing incidences of crimes happening within the neighborhoods and the city centers. These crimes range from petty offenders such as pickpockets to organized gang robbery. There are also changes in the constitution and other relevant legal documents, such as the penal code, that have forced law enforcers to turn to science for assistance. The advent of new crimes and weapons such as terrorism using biological and digital weapons necessitated the scientific intervention to reduce such attacks. The media have been crucial in disseminating information on forensic science through the various movies, TV shows, documentaries and news sections (Newton 128). Some of the notable TV series that became famous for their inclusion of forensic techniques include Sherlock Holmes, created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1887, who used forensic science in his investigation of criminal methods. Agatha Christie also employed forensic qualities in her publications such as Hercule Poirot. More recent television series include The Mentalist and CSI Miami. The development of the plot of most television dramas has closely followed the changes in the legal system and the law enforcement. To this extent, the media has been hugely influential in changing the perceptions that people have about forensic science in crime solving. In this section, the influence of the media on the legal system will be the main subject of discussion. Forensics science specifically fingerprint evidence was not popular within legal systems until the 1980s when it was first experimented with at the Illinois Supreme Court. Clarence Hiller had been murdered in his home. Thomas Jennings was the main suspect who was caught in the possession of a revolver and unused bullets from the Hiller’s home. Four fingerprints belonging to Jennings were also found on the crime scene that helped the jury to convict him. Since then, fingerprint evidence was embraced as a valid source of evidence and could be used as enough material to convict a suspect. Bernard Knight, a chief pathologist for the British government commented that television crime programs have done a lot of damage in raising the expectations of jurors and judges within the legal system. Most television series such as CSI Miami exaggerate the collection of evidence, the presentation of cases and the decision of juries to an extent that has influenced the attitudes, standards and decisions of jury panels. The current generations of jurors have come to demand more resounding proof than forensic science can deliver. The wide berth between fiction and reality makes it even more difficult to rectify the situation. Terming it as a â€Å"CSI effect†, the pathologist defined the phenomenon as that of jurors having impractical prospects of forensic evidence and investigation methods and having an increased concentration in the discipline of forensic science. These sentiments were echoed by Evan Durnal, an employee at the Criminal Justice Department in the University of Central Missouri. He also argued that increased prevalence of investigative television series have transformed how the American legal system conducted its trials. One of the most obvious assumptions made was that jurors thought they had a detailed understanding of forensic science after viewing such programs on TV (Newman 34). In reality, they do not. The process of selecting juries has also been lengthened in order to ensure that potential jurors did not use television standards to judge scientific evidence. Courtrooms have been converted into debate areas where prosecutors and lawyers attempt to school juries on why certain pieces of evidence can or cannot be considered relevant in the court. This has led to new development such as negative evidence witnesses whose function is to clarify that investigators may at some point fall short of finding evidence at crime scenes. This has diluted and corrupted the real purpose of the courtroom as a place where trials are heard and judgment passed. Defense lawyers are equally affected by the CSI effect since they can benefit from misguided ideas that science offers jurors. Using this argument, defense lawyers can then argue that there lacks incriminating scientific evidence, which will constitute reasonable doubt. This can provide grounds for acquittal of a suspect. However, the CSI effect can also produce negative consequences for defense lawyers. This happens when they are summoned to explain the close similarity between a television drama’s devices, such as fingerprint or DNA matching, and the fingerprint database at a local police department computer. In such cases, their client could end up being found guilty thanks to the jurors’ inquisitiveness and pre-knowledge of television programs (Kiely 27). The problem with prioritizing scientific techniques as the main standard in determining a person’s guilt or innocence is that forensic evidence is based on complex probabilities. Take the case of fingerprint evidence, where an expert categorically comments that his method has a 90% chance of finding the owner of the print, and an infinity chance is someone else who was not related to the case left the prints. DNA evidence has proved to be more accurate, but experts in this field still claim to work with probabilities and not certainties. Jailing an innocent man or setting free a perpetrator of wrong deeds based on probabilities distorts the whole concept of justice. Conversely, the media and production houses strive to produce reality drama shows that include sophisticated police equipment and applying the real laws from the constitution. While this makes for quality drama, criminals also watch these shows and slowly refine their techniques to use these loopholes and get away with law breaking activities. More murderers now use bleach to kill any DNA on the crime scene. They also wear gloves and prefer to tape shut any envelopes than licking them. This gives investigators more trouble, as they have to cover crime scenes with a fine toothcomb that may sometimes yield no evidence. This develops into a trend where more and more unsolved cases are shelved for future reference creating a backlog of cases at the courts. As much as the use of forensic evidence can be said to be changing the way in which justice is meted out, it has greatly refined the quality of court trials. In one relevant case, jurors inquired whether a certain piece of evidence had been tested for possible DNA matches. It had been tested but had not been entered as part of the evidence. The inclusion of the negative DNA results ultimately exonerated the defendant, and he was acquitted. To that extent, both Evan Durnal and Bernard knight acknowledge that the makers of television shows are not to blame for the effect that they have had on the justice system. It remains the responsibility of the lawyers, judges and other stakeholders in the legal system to determine when to consider forensic evidence as valid and useful (Embar-Seddon et al 56). ` As was mentioned above, crime-solving television drams have significantly increased public awareness on the position that science holds in gathering evidence and solving crimes. However, some key differences set aside real crime investigation and television dramas. Television shows have professionals who are armed, making interrogations and arrests, as well. These television stars normally receive their DNA and fingerprints results almost instantly. In real life investigation, pathologists and scientists are not equipped with guns and body armor. They also lack the authority to make interrogations and arrests, as it is a job left for the area police. Real forensic results also take exceptionally long before they can be gotten and used. In fact, the fastest There has been much criticism leveled at the increased influence of the media on the legal systems in most countries. Of particular importance, is the focus on the forensic methods used to determine whether a person’s DNA or fingerprints were found at the scene or on the victim. Since the adoption of forensic methods in courts, over half of the convictions passed on suspects, were based on invalidated or inappropriate forensic science presented by professionals. First, forensic scientists have been elevated to the level of a juror or a judge in that their recommendations will eventually convict or acquit a person. Forensic scientists are always summoned after all the evidence has been presented by the defendant’s lawyer or state that brings out the perception that these scientists hold the key that turns the tide of the case. Coupled with the â€Å"CSI effect† bias that was mentioned earlier, jurors are manipulated to depend on science to determine the fate of suspects. The problem is that this number of unfair convictions could even be larger (Begley 12). This is because no studies have been done to determine if different human DNA samples may be similar in structure and might unwittingly link to the wrong person. To that extent, invalid forensic results might have helped to convict the wrong people. The best attempt at forensic science that can be depended upon would be fingerprinting which is better than studying handwritings, dental formulas and shoe sizes. On their part, most legal professionals have lost their own skills and resorted to science. Jurors have been given the wrong impression television programs like by CSI, Bones, and the notion that science will always prevail. Many members of the jury, panels of judges and the bar agree that they need to step up their modus operandi and their reliability on forensic techniques. Groups up against the overindulgence in forensic science such as National Organization of Criminal Defense Lawyers have made campaigns that call for the reforms of the sector. They argue that, over a decade, crime lab investigations have shown that forensic evidence brought before the court is often bogus and is based on speculations, poor quality control, and subjective understanding. A case study of the extent of misuse of forensic science can be the Maguire Seven case where the convictions were quashed, and the forensic scientists exonerated because of the forensic results that were tampered with. The family members were convicted based on the forensic results that revealed traces of nitroglycerine on their hands. On these grounds alone, the whole family was thrown into jail. However, their acquittal was later considered because the forensic tests themselves were too flawed to be reliable. The case of Fred Zain from West Virginia is also relevant in questioning the role forensic science plays in law (Adler et al 34). In the Fred Zain case, he was entrusted with giving valuable information on forensics that was used to convict many people. Unfortunately, he had clinched the position on false credentials that meant that his recommendations were not qualified and accurate. These two examples are a clear indication of the extent to which the media has integrated low-level, superficial science into the minds of decision makers such as juries and pathologists who determine the fate of an individual. Work cited Adler, Joanna R, and Jacqueline M. Gray. Forensic Psychology: Concepts, Debates and Practice. Abingdon: Willan, 2010. Accessed on 24 October 2012. Retrieved from http://lists.lib.portsmouth.ac.uk/items/7AE1E27C-26B6-4A69-5759-A78076CA7382.html Begley S. But it works on TV! The Daily Beast Accessed on 24 October 2012. Retrieved from thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/03/31/but-it-works-on-tv.html Embar-Seddon, Ayn, and Allan D. Pass. Forensic Science. Pasadena, Calif: Salem Press, 2009. Print. Kiely, Terrence F. Forensic Evidence: Science and the Criminal Law. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 2001. Print Newman, Robert C. Computer Forensics: Evidence Collection and Management. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach Publications, 2007. Print. Newton, David E. DNA Evidence and Forensic Science. New York: Facts on File, 2008. Print Ramsland K. CSI: Without a clue, a new report forces police and judges to rethink forensic science. New York Post. Accessed on 24 October 2012. Retrieved from nypost.com/p/news/opinion/opedcolumnists/item_cZHjTuCHuisPQlUkw7iKjN;jsessionid=184810DD4B5E16D37B74096588931092