Thursday, December 26, 2019

Hoover Dam - History and Construction

Dam Type: Arch GravityHeight: 726.4 feet (221.3 m)Length: 1244 feet (379.2 m)Crest Width: 45 feet (13.7 m)Base Width: 660 feet (201.2 m)Volume of Concrete: 3.25 million cubic yards (2.6 million m3) Hoover Dam is a large arch-gravity dam located on the border of the states of Nevada and Arizona on the Colorado River in its Black Canyon. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 and today it provides power for various utilities in Nevada, Arizona, and California. It also provides flood protection for numerous areas downstream and it is a major tourist attraction as it is close to Las Vegas and it forms the popular Lake Mead reservoir. History of Hoover Dam Throughout the late 1800s and into the early 1900s, the American Southwest was rapidly growing and expanding. Since much of the region is arid, new settlements were constantly looking for water and there were various attempts made to control the Colorado River and use it as a freshwater source for municipal uses and irrigation. In addition, flood control on the river was a major issue. As electric power transmission improved, the Colorado River was also looked at as a potential site for hydroelectric power. Finally, in 1922, the Bureau of Reclamation developed a report for the construction of a dam on the lower Colorado River to prevent flooding downstream and provide electricity for growing cities nearby. The report stated that there were federal concerns to building anything on the river because it passes through several states and eventually enters Mexico. To quell these concerns, the seven states within the rivers basin formed the Colorado River Compact to manage its water. The initial study site for the dam was at Boulder Canyon, which was found to be unsuitable because of the presence of a fault. Other sites included in the report were said to be too narrow for camps at the base of the dam and they too were disregarded. Finally, the Bureau of Reclamation studied Black Canyon and found it to be ideal because of its size, as well as its location near Las Vegas and its railroads. Despite the removal of Boulder Canyon from consideration, the final approved project was called the Boulder Canyon Project. Once the Boulder Canyon project was approved, officials decided the dam would be a single arch-gravity dam with the width of 660 ft (200 m) of concrete at the bottom and 45 ft (14 m) at the top. The top would also have a highway connecting Nevada and Arizona. Once the dam type and dimensions were decided, construction bids went out to the public and Six Companies Inc. was the chosen contractor. Construction of Hoover Dam After the dam was authorized, thousands of workers came to southern Nevada to work on the dam. Las Vegas grew considerably and Six Companies Inc. built Boulder City, Nevada to house the workers. Prior to constructing the dam, the Colorado River had to be diverted from Black Canyon. To do this, four tunnels were carved into the canyon walls on both the Arizona and Nevada sides beginning in 1931. Once carved, the tunnels were lined with concrete and in November 1932, the river was diverted into the Arizona tunnels with the Nevada tunnels being saved in case of overflow. Once the Colorado River was diverted, two cofferdams were constructed to prevent flooding in the area where men would be building the dam. Once completed, excavation for the foundation of Hoover Dam and the installation of columns for the arch structure of the dam began. The first concrete for Hoover Dam was then poured on June 6, 1933 in a series of sections so that it would be allowed to dry and cure properly (if it had been poured all at once, heating and cooling during day and night would have caused the concrete to cure unevenly and take 125 years to cool completely). This process took until May 29, 1935, to complete and it used 3.25 million cubic yards (2.48 million m3) of concrete. Hoover Dam was officially dedicated as Boulder Dam on September 30, 1935. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was present and most of the work on the dam (with the exception of the powerhouse) was completed at the time. Congress then renamed the dam Hoover Dam after President Herbert Hoover in 1947. Hoover Dam Today Today, Hoover Dam is used as a means of flood control on the lower Colorado River. Storage and delivery of the rivers waters from Lake Mead is also an integral part of the dams usage in that it provides reliable water for irrigation in both the U.S. and Mexico as well as municipal water uses in areas like Las Vegas, Los Angeles, and Phoenix. In addition, the Hoover Dam provides low-cost hydroelectric power for Nevada, Arizona, and California. The dam generates more than four billion kilowatt-hours of electricity per year and it is one of the largest hydropower facilities in the U.S. Revenue generated from power sold at Hoover Dam also pays for all of its operating and maintenance costs.Hoover Dam is also a major tourist destination as it is located only 30 miles (48 km) from Las Vegas and is along U.S. Highway 93. Since its construction, tourism was taken into consideration at the dam and all visitor facilities were built with the best materials available at the time. However, due to security concerns after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, concerns about vehicle traffic on the dam initiated the Hoover Dam Bypass project completed in 2010. The Bypass consists of a bridge and no through traffic will be allowed across.

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

The French Revolution And Napoleonic Wars - 2358 Words

The history of Latin American has a bloody past filled with war and hardship. The struggle for independence plays a key role in the history of Latin America and understanding the development that came post-independence. Latin America has struggled with debt and dependence on foreign countries. Events that occur in Latin America are often a result of things happening in the Western Hemisphere. Much of Latin America’s fight for independence was fueled by war. Latin America continued to be greatly affected by events that occurred in the western hemisphere. The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars were major factors in igniting Latin America’s movement for independence. The French Revolution occurred during 1789-1799 in attempt to challenge the monarchial political structure. The French Revolution was fought to pursue Enlightenment ideals to promote popular sovereignty. The ideologies of the French Revolution were used to justify the overtaking of other European kings and the establishment of republics. The military was aggressive in establishing French control in other countries. The French Revolution was eventually led by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. The Napoleonic Wars occurred during 1799-1815 as a result of the French Revolution. England was the leading country against the French expansion. Portugal had been a long-time ally with England. In 1807, Napoleon invaded Lisbon, the capital of Portugal. However a few days prior to the invasion, the English royal navy shipped theShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of the Napoleonic Wars on Industrialization810 Words   |  4 PagesThe Napoleonic wars did have a large impact on industrialization in Britain, the United States and Europe as a result of realizations and actions taken to better their countries after the Napoleonic wars. 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Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Cultural And Diversity Competence In Health Care †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Cultural Competence In Health Care. Answer: Introduction Diversity defines how different we all are, we are all different in terms of background, language, religion and in many other ways. Culture plays a vital role in shaping every individuals health-related beliefs, values, and behavior. Our difference makes us unique in one way or another and it is important that we accept each other and appreciate the fact that we are different. Different people have different values and privileges, and before we judge others we need to know that we are also different in many ways, and we have different values and privileges. In the health facility, there are many patients who come for checkups and treatments, and they come from different cultures, and it is the responsibilities of the health officers/ doctors/nurses to make sure that they understand them. We should treat and care for all patients in an understanding and respectable way irrespective of their cultural background. This means that we should try to put ourselves in the position of the pati ents who are not culturally competent and understand their struggles and challenges they are facing especially in the healthcare facility. As health officers, it is vital that we are culturally competent in our expertise to make sure that all patients are cared for despite their difference because at the end of the day we are all human and deserve to be treated right. Being competent culturally requires personal attributes, knowledge, and skills and being intercultural competent can be taught. (Rassool, 2014). There are factors that can interfere with the levels of intercultural competence like the personality factors which include, good sense of self, having ideas and recognition of amenities with beliefs and values of different cultures, display sensitivity in relation to various cultures, being aware of their social norms and communicating in an understandable language to the diverse groups. Cultural and religious practices and beliefs can highly affect an individual health and wellbeing (Kronenfeld, 2016). A patient who for example, is non-English speaker female immigrant who is married and practices a different religion from that of the health officer will need a culturally competent doctor to attend to them. Such patients find a hard time at the health facilities first because of the language barrier, second because of religious beliefs and practices and third because of traditions. The health officer should be competent enough to be able to assist such kind of patient to get the required medication and treatment (O'Toole, 2012). Depending on the patient's background, for example, the above-mentioned patient, her religious beliefs can hinder her from getting treatment if she is health illiterate. Most immigrants especially those who come from the Muslim religion do not understand English, most of them never go to hospitals and they refer hospitals to be for those who are very ill or the rich, and their religion and beliefs somehow hinder them from getting medical attention (Spector, 2000). These immigrants find a hard time at the medical facilities because they are health illiterate and barely know or understand other languages like English for example. The doctors have to be culturally competent to help such kind of patients and this involves awareness and understanding of the Islamic faith and Islamic beliefs (Marsh, 2014). Health practitioners should be conversant with the implication of their spiritual and cultural values for clinic care. The fact that Muslim women are very private and conserved, it is, therefore, the nurses responsibility to be aware of the privacy and modesty, appropriate use of touch, dietary and medication use. Health practitioners need to be well trained and educated to curb these barriers for a better health care for every individual. Health literacy is very important and it is only through communication that information can be well understood (McFarland, In Wehbe-Alamah, 2015). Well trained nursed who are cultural competent have an easy time dealing with diverse patient and they are able to educate them in order to be health literate, for them to understand the importance of treatment and checkups and to help them understand their religion and relations to health care (Srivastava, 2007). By understanding and embracing diversity, it means that we have accepted everyone regardless of where they come from, who they are and we are celebrating each and every one because diversity makes us who we are. A strength-based approach to cultural competency care helps us in embracing diversity because it is the first step to achieving cultural competency (Kronenfeld, 2010). The strength-based approach is a collaboration that involves the patient and the health practitioners, this approach believes in togetherness for a better health outcome. This approach is based on the strength and not weakness; it doesnt mean that strength-based approach doesnt have weaknesses. This approach is important for the purpose of health care because of the increased attention on support directed to individual, management of ones self in chronic illness and prolonged conditions and coordination for a better outcome. There is an increase in concern and pinpointing out strengths and capacities in finding ultimate solutions for the caregivers and the patients. The strength-based approach is a solution based approach focusing on what people want to achieve instead of their reasons for seeking help (Leininger, 2005). The strength-based approach suggests that cultural competence rely on three main concepts, the first is; Cultural awareness: This involves the knowledge of understanding the similarities and differences of cultures, the effect of culture on individual beliefs and practice, and the way in which culture affects organizations. Cultural sensitivity: An individual with a positive attitude about themselves, their culture and willingness to openly talk about their cultural variation can contribute to a deeper appreciation of culture generally. Having knowledge and being comfortable with your cultural identity is a big step to being able to openly understand and learn other peoples culture. Cultural competent behavior: This involves behaving or acting in a manner that clearly shows your level of awareness and sensitivity to the order of other cultures. It is relatively important for the health practitioners to consider cultural needs of their patients when delivering cultural competent to a Muslim, for example. This is because they need to be treated with respect and understanding when supporting their individual need. This can be done by ensuring that a conversation between the caregiver and the patient or the patients family is clearly understood to make sure that their needs are met. It is the caregivers responsibility to talk sensitively with the patient about their needs, for example, a patient may give out their spiritual advisors number, and it is the nurse to come to a mutual consensus with the patient for a positive outcome. The NHMRC Four-Dimensional Model This model defines culture as a combined set of human behavior that includes belief, norms, actions, and custom of a given group. Cultural competence, therefore, involves the skills and knowledge continuously deliver great health care services that inclusively hits the target of both cultural, social, and linguistic need of a patient. This model of cultural competency is viewed from different perspectives ways for example systemic, organizational, professional and individual. The dimensions interrelate in a way that cultural competence both at an individual level and professional level is justified by the organizational and systematic need and capacity (In Purnell, 2013). Systemic- this involves policies and channels that are effective, instruments used to monitor and adequate resources are important in nurturing behaviors and practices in various stages to see if they are competent culturally. These strategies appreciate participation of the different diverse groups in issues involving their wellness and the environment. Organizational - abilities and assets needed by patient difference are all in together. A culture can be established where there is ethnic, racial competence identified as important to main function and repeatedly acknowledged and evaluated. The organization is attached to a chain of different management levels that are both cultural and linguistically different. Professional- this level acknowledges cultural competence as a crucial factor in learning and in professional development. This results in some identified professions relating their cultural competence levels to lead their professions. Individual - behaviors, ideas, and actions that define the competency of culture are adjusted and made to be very efficient by staying in a functional and supportive health facility and broader system. Health profession individuals are encouraged to work with various cultures to create a meaningful and important long-lasting health promotion programs. This model works together in all aspects to help in promoting understandings, coordination and promoting cultural diversity within health facilities for a continuous provision of healthcare to all individuals despite their ethnic, race or cultural background. Culture and diversity of individuals, should not deter them from getting health care services at any health facility (Dreachslin, Gilbert, Malone, 2013). With the embracing of diversity, a lot has changed in the health sector for the benefit of the patient. Representation puts patients at ease Embracing cultural diversity has led to the representation which in turn has put patients at ease. The government has introduced a system in which it doesnt limit individuals from certain ethical, race and cultural background to work at health facilities instead it has opened doors for individuals from all walks of life. This is encouraging and putting the patients at ease because they can relate or identify with health care providers from their own background. Improved patient satisfaction and results Understanding peoples background is very important and not making assumptions is key to understanding the fact that people come from different background and different. A patient will feel more comfortable when their health care provider understand their cultural difference and they are able to explain their test results well and their diagnosis (Storey, Howard, Gillies, 2002).. This will create good communication between the patient and their caregivers. People living in minority areas often have less health care facilities and health care providers who come from minority backgrounds go to work in those diverse areas hence increasing the doctor-patient ratio. Improved health care services Cultural diversity has led to improved health care within the health facilities, the fact that practitioners are aware of the diverse culture of different individuals they are able to communicate and understand each other by placing the patients interest and needs first. Diversity has broadened the mind of the health care providers and they are well knowledgeable on how to handle patients from different ethnic, racial and cultural background by having the basic knowledge of each individual beliefs and practices (Rose, 2013).. This has in turn brought about the good relationship between the patient and the doctor thus improved health literacy among the patients visiting health facilities. A culturally competent individual is someone who understands and acknowledges diversity, this type of a person has some knowledge about different people and different cultures (Tjale, De, 2004). A culturally competent individual knows what to say, how to say and when to say they are cautious in their selection of words and in their way of self-expression. A competent individual knows how to express themselves when communicating to different persons; they understand why everyone is different from the other and respect their place (Tseng, Streltzer, 2008). It is human to treat humanity with kindness, we are all from different walks of life and we are all human and communication is important for human communication. We should free ourselves from assumption because we may end up having a wrong perception about a certain group of people and this may not be true. It is important that we be keen with our words, actions and behaviors towards different people because we all different but sp ecial in our own kind. Conclusion In conclusion, cultural diversity is experienced in different sectors not just the health centers but even in our daily lives. How you treat an individual especially someone from a different ethnic, race or cultural background is very important. Understanding and embracing diversity is a step to closing in the cultural difference among us. Advanced training on cultural diversity has helped a lot of healthcare practitioners in dealing with their day to day patients. Access to primary health care is a right to all citizens and it is the responsibility of healthcare practitioners to make sure that all patients despite their background get equal treatment. The government has put in place policies to curb the issue of cultural diversity within the health sector and that is another big step for accepting diversity. It really doesnt matter where u come from, we should respect others as much as we expect others to respect our cultural background. References Dreachslin, J. L., Gilbert, M. J., Malone, B. 2013.Diversity and cultural competence in health care: A systems approach. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. McFarland, M. R., In Wehbe-Alamah, H. B. 2015.Leininger's culture care diversity and universality: A worldwide nursing theory. Rassool, G. H. 2014.Cultural competence in caring for Muslim patients. In Purnell, L. D. 2013.Transcultural health care: A culturally competent approach. Kronenfeld, J. J. 2016.Special social groups, social factors and disparities in health and health care. Bingley, U.K: Emerald. Kronenfeld, J. J. 2010.The Impact of Demographics on Health and Healthcare: Race, Ethnicity and other Social Factors. Bradford: Emerald Group Pub. Leininger, 2005.Culture Care Diversity Universality: A Theory of Nursing. Jones Bartlett. Marsh, T. 2014.Cultural safety: Everything you need to know. Place of publication not identified: Ashgate. Spector, R. E. 2000.Cultural diversity in health and illness. New York, N.Y: Prentice Hall. O'Toole, G. 2012.Communication: Core interpersonal skills for health professionals. Sydney: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. Rose, P. R. 2013.Cultural competency for the health professional. Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Srivastava, R. 2007.The healthcare professional's guide to clinical cultural competence. Toronto: Mosby Elsevier. Storey, L., Howard, J., Gillies, A. 2002.Competency in healthcare: A practical guide to competency frameworks. Abingdon, U.K: Radcliffe Medical Press. Tjale, A., De, V. L. 2004.Cultural issues in health and health care: A resource book for southern Africa. Cape Town: Juta Academic. Tseng, W.-S., Streltzer, J. 2008.Cultural competence in health care. New York: Springer.

Monday, December 2, 2019

Robert Morris a Founding Father of the United States free essay sample

Robert Morris, Jr. a Founding Father of the United States, was a Liverpool-born American merchant who financed the American Revolution, oversaw the striking of the first coins of the United States, and signed the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the Perpetual Union, and the United States Constitution. Along with Alexander Hamilton and Albert Gallatin, he is widely regarded as one of the founders of the financial system of the United States.Born in Liverpool, Morris migrated to the United States in his teens, quickly becoming a successful businessman. In the aftermath of the French and Indian War (1754-1763), Morris became a prominent opponent of unpopular British policies like the Stamp Act in 1765. He was elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly, became the Chairman of the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, and was chosen as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress. He served as chairman of the Secret Committee of Trade and as a member of the Committee of Correspondence. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Morris a Founding Father of the United States or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though reluctant to break with Britain, he ultimately came to support the independence movement and emerged as an important financier of the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783).From 1781 to 1784, he served as the Superintendent of Finance of the United States, a forerunner to the position of U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. As the central civilian in the government, Morris was, next to General George Washington, the most powerful man in America.[2] His successful administration led to the sobriquet, Financier of the Revolution. At the same time, he was Agent of Marine, a position he took without pay, and from which he controlled the Continental Navy. He successfully proposed numerous policies including the creation of a national bank, but many of his ideas were not enacted. In 1783, Morris oversaw the creation of the first US coins, the Nova Constellatio patterns, which illustrated his plan for a national decimal coinage; although the plan was not adopted, his coins were examined by both Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, influencing both men in their creation of the decimal monetary system that is used by the United States today[3]. In 1787, he was elected as a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention, which created a more powerful federal government.Morris declined Washingtons offer to serve as the nations first Treasury Secretary, instead suggesting that Washington appoint Hamilton to the position. Morris represented Pennsylvania in the Senate from 1789 to 1795, during which time he aligned with the Federalist Party and supported Hamiltons economic policies. Morris invested a considerable portion of his fortune in land shortly before the Panic of 1796–1797, which led to his bankruptcy in 1798, and he spent several years in debtors prison until the United States Congress passed a bankruptcy act to release him. After he left prison in 1801, he lived a quiet, private life in a modest home in Philadelphia until his death in 1806.